{"id":28796,"date":"2022-10-02T18:21:43","date_gmt":"2022-10-02T16:21:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/expateuropa.com\/elektrina-a-vytapeni-v-estonsku\/"},"modified":"2022-10-04T09:38:49","modified_gmt":"2022-10-04T07:38:49","slug":"elektrina-a-vytapeni-v-estonsku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/elektrina-a-vytapeni-v-estonsku\/","title":{"rendered":"Elekt\u0159ina a vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v Estonsku"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pro v\u0161echny evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b, Estonsko nevyj\u00edmaje, jsou charakteristick\u00e9 extr\u00e9mn\u011b chladn\u00e9 a tmav\u00e9 zimy. Pokud se do Estonska dostanete v l\u00e9t\u011b z teplej\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eete se snadno nechat zm\u00e1st t\u00edm, \u017ee teploty z\u016fstanou st\u00e1le stejn\u011b vysok\u00e9. A ejhle, kdy\u017e nad Estonskem nastane zima, v\u0161echno jako by usnulo. Stromy kolem shazuj\u00ed list\u00ed, hmyz on\u011bm\u00ed a lid\u00e9 jen z\u0159\u00eddkakdy cht\u011bj\u00ed otev\u0159\u00edt \u00fasta, aby neztratili trochu tepla zevnit\u0159. Pokud budete m\u00edt \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a najdete si partnera pro rand\u011bn\u00ed v Estonsku<\/a>, mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e1s to povzbud\u00ed. Ale ani to samo o sob\u011b nesta\u010d\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n

A\u017e za\u010dnete v obchodech v okol\u00ed v\u00eddat halloweensk\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed, v\u011bzte, \u017ee se brzy ochlad\u00ed a setm\u00ed. Abyste se vyhnuli stresu, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159er\u016fst v depresi, je vhodn\u00e9 m\u00edt v byt\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed a topen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Po v\u011bt\u0161inu roku panuj\u00ed v Estonsku n\u00edzk\u00e9 denn\u00ed i no\u010dn\u00ed teploty. Domy jsou proto vybaveny topn\u00fdmi za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edmi, aby se v nich udr\u017eovalo teplo a pohodl\u00ed. I venku je vhodn\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed, aby si lid\u00e9 nep\u0159ipadali jako v n\u011bjak\u00e9 bezedn\u00e9 kobce. <\/p>\n\n

Mal\u00e9 upozorn\u011bn\u00ed o Estonsku<\/h2>\n\n

V severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Evropy, v nejsevern\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ze t\u0159\u00ed pobaltsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, le\u017e\u00ed kr\u00e1sn\u00e1 zem\u011b Estonsko. V oblasti se nach\u00e1z\u00ed asi 1500 ostrov\u016f a ostr\u016fvk\u016f. Estonsko bylo velmi dlouho pod nadvl\u00e1dou ciz\u00edch mocnost\u00ed. Sov\u011btskou republikou z\u016fstala a\u017e do roku 1991, kdy spolu s ostatn\u00edmi pobaltsk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty z\u00edskala nez\u00e1vislost. <\/p>\n\n

Od t\u00e9 doby Estonsko nasadilo velk\u00e9 tempo p\u0159i transformaci sv\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy a p\u0159eorientov\u00e1n\u00ed ekonomiky. Estonsko je zn\u00e1m\u00e9 sv\u00fdmi nerostn\u00fdmi surovinami,<\/a> zejm\u00e9na ropn\u00fdmi b\u0159idlicemi, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k v\u00fdrob\u011b elekt\u0159iny. V\u00fdroba elektrick\u00e9 energie je i nad\u00e1le v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm faktorem pro estonskou ekonomiku i okoln\u00ed region. Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st estonsk\u00e9 energie je dod\u00e1v\u00e1na do n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed severoz\u00e1padn\u00edho Ruska a Loty\u0161ska.<\/p>\n\n

Estonsko vyr\u00e1b\u00ed elekt\u0159inu v tepeln\u00fdch elektr\u00e1rn\u00e1ch na b\u0159idlicov\u00fd olej. V Estonsku je v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 elektr\u00e1ren a v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich vyr\u00e1b\u00ed elekt\u0159inu v kogenera\u010dn\u00edm re\u017eimu. Velk\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Narvsk\u00e1 elektr\u00e1<\/a> rna, byly navr\u017eeny a postaveny v sov\u011btsk\u00e9 \u00e9\u0159e. Elektr\u00e1rny Narva se pod\u00edlej\u00ed na v\u00fdrob\u011b elekt\u0159iny v Estonsku z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdroba energie v Estonsku<\/h2>\n\n

Od obnoven\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti v roce 1991 se Estonsko vydalo cestou obnovy sv\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a st\u00e1tn\u00ed spr\u00e1vy. Jej\u00ed trh s elekt\u0159inou a plynem<\/a> je pln\u011b liberalizov\u00e1n, co\u017e posiluje a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u00e1te\u0159 baltsk\u00e9ho trhu s elekt\u0159inou. Liberalizace trhu s elekt\u0159inou v Estonsku nav\u00edc pos\u00edlila integraci se seversk\u00fdm trhem.<\/p>\n\n

Estonsko sice nem\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 konven\u010dn\u00ed zdroje ropy a zemn\u00edho plynu, ale z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 tranzitn\u00ed zem\u00ed pro ruskou ropu. Rusko vyv\u00e1\u017e\u00ed do Baltsk\u00e9ho mo\u0159e p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 340 000 barel\u016f ropy denn\u011b. Podle informac\u00ed Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed energetick\u00e9 agentury tvo\u0159\u00ed zna\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st celkov\u00fdch dod\u00e1vek z\u00e1kladn\u00ed energie v Estonsku ropn\u00e9 b\u0159idlice.<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159esto se v Estonsku vyr\u00e1b\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 90 % energie z plynu a ropy spalovan\u00e9 z b\u0159idlic. Zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch 10 % energie se vyr\u00e1b\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z v\u011btrn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, biomasy, zemn\u00edho plynu, uhl\u00ed a vodn\u00edch elektr\u00e1ren. P\u0159esto\u017ee neobnoviteln\u00e1 energie je v Estonsku nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm zdrojem energie, obnoviteln\u00fdm zdroj\u016fm energie<\/a> se celosv\u011btov\u011b v\u011bnuje velk\u00e1 pozornost a Estonsko tak\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

V Estonsku je pot\u0159eba energie pro vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed dom\u016f, pohon aut a osv\u011btlen\u00ed. Tuto energii lze z\u00edskat bu\u010f z obnoviteln\u00fdch, nebo neobnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie. Energetika v Estonsku je oblast\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, v\u00fdzkumu a technologi\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zaji\u0161\u0165uje v\u00fdrobu, p\u0159em\u011bnu, p\u0159enos a vyu\u017eit\u00ed energie.<\/p>\n\n

Vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed v Estonsku <\/h2>\n\n

Vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed v Estonsku je z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti napojeno na d\u00e1lkov\u00e9 vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, ale lid\u00e9 nyn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed samostatn\u011b stoj\u00edc\u00ed topn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 dopl\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159edinstalovan\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Pokud m\u00e1te pochybnosti o tom, kter\u00fd subjekt je zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd za dod\u00e1vky tepla do va\u0161eho bydlen\u00ed, sta\u010d\u00ed se obr\u00e1tit na Google<\/a>, vlo\u017eit \u00fadaje o va\u0161\u00ed poloze v Estonsku a v\u00fdsledek se v\u00e1m zobraz\u00ed. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1jemn\u00ed smlouvy by v\u0161ak m\u011bly b\u00fdt i podrobnosti o vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n

A\u017e do roku 2019 fungovalo Estonsko na z\u00e1klad\u011b pevn\u00e9ho d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na faktoru prim\u00e1rn\u00ed energie. Tento syst\u00e9m v\u0161ak byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nepraktick\u00fd vzhledem k probl\u00e9m\u016fm s p\u0159echodem v odv\u011btv\u00ed d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup nebral v \u00favahu zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 v odv\u011btv\u00ed tehdy nastaly. Bylo tedy rozumn\u00e9, aby bylo zavedeno diferencovan\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by spl\u0148ovalo po\u017eadavky na s\u00edt\u011b d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a energetickou n\u00e1ro\u010dnost. Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159echod od fixn\u00edho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed k diferencovan\u00e9mu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je dnes \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n

D\u00e1lkov\u00e9 vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v Estonsku<\/h2>\n\n

Nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edm syst\u00e9mem vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v Estonsku je d\u00e1lkov\u00e9 vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed<\/a>. D\u016fvodem je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jeho v\u00fdhodnost z pohledu spot\u0159ebitele jako nejlep\u0161\u00edho topn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. V\u011bt\u0161ina Estonc\u016f se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee syst\u00e9m d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165uje velmi bezpe\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u017ee je tak\u00e9 \u0161etrn\u00fd k \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdznam d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v Estonsku je obrovsk\u00fd, proto\u017ee jeho rozvoj zvy\u0161uje dosahov\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f v oblasti klimatu a energetiky. Estonci sehr\u00e1li v procesu transformace<\/a> z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli. Estonsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da tedy hraje stejnou roli t\u00edm, \u017ee zaji\u0161\u0165uje, aby jej\u00ed spot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 byli dob\u0159e informov\u00e1ni a vzd\u011bl\u00e1ni prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm aplikace pro propagaci d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

D\u00e1lkov\u00e9 vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed budouc\u00ed dekarbonizace energetick\u00e9ho sektoru v Estonsku. Tato snaha je z\u0159ejm\u00e1 z \u0161irok\u00fdch diskus\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch studi\u00ed. Syst\u00e9m d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed je \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd, \u0161etrn\u00fd k \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed a st\u00e1le je nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed tepelnou energi\u00ed. Nejl\u00e9pe v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee fungovat v hust\u011b obydlen\u00fdch oblastech, zejm\u00e9na ve m\u011bstech.<\/p>\n\n

Elekt\u0159ina v Estonsku <\/h2>\n\n

Estonsk\u00fd elektroenergetick\u00fd sektor je propojen s ostatn\u00edmi pobaltsk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi, Ruskem a Finskem. Historii estonsk\u00e9 elektriza\u010dn\u00ed soustavy nen\u00ed t\u0159eba ignorovat. V roce 2016 byla v\u00fdroba elekt\u0159iny v Estonsku nej\u0161pinav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v EU kv\u016fli mno\u017estv\u00ed emis\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 80 % dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdroby elekt\u0159iny tvo\u0159ila paliva na b\u00e1zi ropy.<\/p>\n\n

Postupem \u010dasu se v Estonsku roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily syst\u00e9my v\u00fdroby energie z obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. Do roku 2016 dos\u00e1hlo Estonsko sv\u00e9ho c\u00edle v oblasti obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f energie. Estonsko vyr\u00e1b\u00ed 11 554 020 MWh elekt\u0159iny, co\u017e pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 131 % ro\u010dn\u00ed spot\u0159eby Estonc\u016f. <\/p>\n\n

V prosinci 2021 \u010dinila cena elekt\u0159iny 0,2 USD\/kWh pro ka\u017edou dom\u00e1cnost a 0,1 USD pro podniky. V leto\u0161n\u00edm roce v\u0161ak do\u0161lo k odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edmu \u0161oku v d\u016fsledku zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cen elekt\u0159iny a plynu v Estonsku. Ve skute\u010dnosti se cena elekt\u0159iny z\u010dty\u0159n\u00e1sobila. Pozadu nez\u016fstala ani cena za d\u00e1lkov\u00e9 vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. Vzhledem k cen\u011b plynu se zv\u00fd\u0161ila \u0161estin\u00e1sobn\u011b, p\u0159esto jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b zalo\u017eeny v\u00fdhradn\u011b na plynu.<\/p>\n\n

Estonsko je schopno si energii vyr\u00e1b\u011bt zcela samo. Celkov\u00e1 produkce p\u0159edstavuje 131 %<\/a> vlastn\u00ed spot\u0159eby Estonska, ale zem\u011b st\u00e1le obchoduje s energi\u00ed se zahrani\u010d\u00edm. Je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee dovoz a v\u00fdvoz p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed Estonsku p\u0159\u00edjmy. Zem\u011b by v\u0161ak m\u011bla zam\u011b\u0159it svou pozornost na kompletn\u00ed v\u00fdrobu vlastn\u00ed energie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pro v\u0161echny evropsk\u00e9 zem\u011b, Estonsko nevyj\u00edmaje, jsou charakteristick\u00e9 extr\u00e9mn\u011b chladn\u00e9 a tmav\u00e9 zimy. Pokud se…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":25660,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1269],"tags":[8209,13737,13760,13742,8226],"class_list":["post-28796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-estonsko","tag-dalkove-vytapeni","tag-dodavky-elektriny","tag-elektrina-pro-domacnosti","tag-rozvody-tepla","tag-ucet-za-elektrinu","wpcat-1269-id"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28796","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28796"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28796\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25660"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28796"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28796"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/expateuropa.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28796"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}